A Saudi Arabia-led initiative to form a 14-country multinational maritime defence alliance around the Red Sea is signalling a possible shift in the Middle East’s US-dependent security system. The alliance’s founding declaration was signed in Riyadh on July 30. Plans call for its permanent headquarters, integrated command structure, joint command and control centre, maritime operations centre and permanent secretariat to be based in Saudi Arabia.

The alliance is not yet fully operational, and key issues remain unclear, including members’ military contributions, how operations would be conducted if needed, and whether the United States would formally participate. Saudi Arabia and Egypt are founding members, despite not joining the US-led Operation Prosperity Guardian launched in December 2023 to protect Red Sea security. Analysts say regional states want a greater role in making their own security decisions.

Houthi activity around the Red Sea is seen as a major reason for the initiative, particularly after attacks on Israel-linked and Western commercial vessels in 2023 and 2024. Disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz have increased the need for Saudi oil exports through Yanbu port. Concerns also include potential Houthi control or fees in the Bab al-Mandab Strait. The alliance’s effectiveness will depend on military commitments, joint decision-making and crisis cooperation.