Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s visit to Washington marks a critical juncture in the U.S.-Saudi relationship, as both nations seek to recalibrate their roles in a changing world. The meeting with former President Donald Trump is expected to yield progress on a formal defense cooperation agreement, as well as new initiatives in artificial intelligence, mining, rare earths, and civilian nuclear energy. Saudi Arabia’s rapid modernization under MBS, including social reforms and economic diversification, has transformed the kingdom into a more assertive middle power. While human rights concerns persist, Riyadh’s codification of legal reforms signals gradual progress. The U.S. views a stable, reforming Saudi Arabia as a key partner for regional stability and countering extremism. However, friction remains over oil prices, arms sales, and the pace of normalization with Israel. MBS insists that any deal with Israel must include tangible steps toward a Palestinian state. The visit underscores a shift from the traditional oil-for-security pact to a broader partnership based on mutual strategic and economic interests.