The Taliban has completed five years since returning to power in Afghanistan, with the period marked by improved security and stability but major failures on women’s education, human rights, inclusive governance and international recognition. The group regained control of Kabul in 2021 after the withdrawal of United States and NATO forces. The report says travel has become comparatively safer in areas that were previously dangerous for civilians, while threats from armed groups including IS-Khorasan have been significantly weakened.

Despite difficult economic conditions and reduced international assistance, the Taliban administration has sought to keep the economy functioning through stronger tax and customs collection, remittances, natural-resource extraction and increased trade with neighboring countries. Infrastructure efforts involving the Qosh Tepa canal, the TAPI gas pipeline and power-transmission projects are also advancing. However, a lack of transparency in public finances and allegations of corruption remain major challenges.

Girls remain barred from formal modern education after sixth grade, raising concerns over future shortages of female doctors, teachers and other professionals. Power has become concentrated in a limited group led by Taliban supreme leader Hibatullah Akhundzada, while broad recognition remains elusive. The report says public dissatisfaction and growing alienation could become longer-term challenges.