Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Pakistan signed the Mecca Joint Defence Treaty in Mecca on 7 August, according to the report. The trilateral framework treats an armed attack on any one signatory as an attack on all three. The report examines the possibility of Bangladesh joining an economic or defence arrangement involving the three countries and the implications it says this could have for India.

It says Bangladesh has sought to diversify strategic and security partnerships under a declared “Bangladesh First” policy and has warmed relations with Islamabad. Foreign affairs adviser Humayun Kabir reportedly said this month that Dhaka was positive about participating in a possible economic or defence framework if it aligned with national interests and sovereignty. Bangladesh has not formally announced plans to join any military alliance.

The report says Bangladesh has become a founding member of a 14-country multinational maritime defence alliance established in Saudi Arabia. It also says Turkish media have discussed including Bangladesh in the Mecca security framework. The analysis cites Bangladesh’s Bay of Bengal location and possible Turkish naval or Pakistani military access as factors that could complicate India’s security planning.