At least twelve leading universities in the United Kingdom, including Oxford, Imperial College London, and the London School of Economics, have hired a private intelligence agency run by former military officers to monitor their own students and staff. According to a joint investigation by Al Jazeera English and Liberty Investigates, the surveillance targeted individuals expressing solidarity with Palestine. The firm, Horus Security Consultancy Limited, reportedly received about £440,000 since 2022 to conduct social media monitoring and secret counterterrorism threat assessments using artificial intelligence.

The investigation found that Manchester Metropolitan University requested a secret counterterrorism assessment on Palestinian-origin scholar Rabab Ibrahim Abdulhadi, while Bristol University asked the firm to monitor pro-Palestinian and animal rights activists. The United Nations special rapporteur Gina Romero described the surveillance as a matter of serious legal concern, and the University and College Union’s general secretary Jo Grady called it shameful. Horus declined to respond to Al Jazeera’s questions.

Imperial College and the University of Sheffield denied conducting surveillance, stating they only analyzed publicly available data to maintain campus safety. Horus, founded in 2006, is led by former military intelligence officers, including Colonel Tim Collins, who previously criticized pro-Palestinian protests.