The United States and Saudi Arabia carried out coordinated pre-dawn strikes on multiple bases of Iraq's Iran-backed Popular Mobilization Forces on July 30, the source said. PMF said attacks hit bases in Baghdad, Nineveh, Basra, Kirkuk, Karbala, Diyala and Wasit, killing at least 20 fighters and injuring 32 others, with the death toll possibly rising. At about the same time, Iran said it fired ballistic missiles at US military facilities in Jordan.

Washington said the Iraq operation responded to recent drone attacks launched from Iraqi territory against Saudi oil facilities. Iraqi President Nizar Amedi condemned the strikes as unacceptable and a clear violation of Iraq's sovereignty, while Iran's Foreign Ministry said the United States and its allies were destabilising the situation. US Central Command and Jordan's military said air defences shot down all five Iranian missiles.

President Donald Trump threatened Iran with a high price and said the Iraq attack was coordinated with the Iraqi government. The IRGC also claimed attacks on three tankers in the Strait of Hormuz. Iran rejected an Omani proposal for joint management of the strait, while Pakistan, the European Union and Gulf countries called for de-escalation and a return to talks.